Kiribati | Air & Sea Freight
CargoMaster, your reliable partner for international freight forwarding to Kiribati. With more than 35 years of experience in global logistics and 18 years dedicated to shipping containers worldwide, CargoMaster brings proven expertise to every shipment. Whether you are relocating your household goods, managing commercial exports, or sending project cargo, we make shipping to Kiribati simple, affordable, and stress-free. Our mission is to connect Australia with Kiribati efficiently through professional air and sea freight services tailored to your needs.
Kiribati, officially known as the Republic of Kiribati, is a remarkable island nation made up of 32 atolls and one raised coral island, Banaba. Spread across a vast area of the Pacific Ocean, its islands cross both the equator and the International Date Line, placing it in all four hemispheres. This unique geography makes logistics planning essential for successful deliveries, and CargoMaster’s established Pacific network ensures that your cargo reaches destinations like Tarawa and Kiritimati safely and on schedule.
As a country that relies heavily on imports for everyday essentials and development materials, Kiribati depends on consistent and efficient freight connections. CargoMaster’s comprehensive freight services support both individuals and businesses by offering cost-effective, dependable shipping solutions. Our network covers all major Australian ports and airports, ensuring your goods move smoothly from Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, or Darwin to any island within Kiribati.
When you choose CargoMaster, you choose a trusted Australian freight forwarder with a strong record of success across the Pacific Islands. We understand the challenges of remote shipping and are committed to simplifying the process with clear communication, transparent pricing, and reliable service. From pickup to delivery, CargoMaster ensures every shipment to Kiribati arrives safely, on time, and within budget.
Papua New Guinea Fiji Manus Island Nauru East Timor Tahiti Tonga Tuvalu Hawaii Vanuatu Solomon Islands Samoa Micronesia New Caledonia Marshall Islands Cook Islands Guam
Air Freight
For time-critical or high-value shipments, CargoMaster’s air freight services to Kiribati provide the speed and reliability you need. Our air freight network connects Australia to Tarawa and other key destinations, ensuring rapid transit for personal, commercial, and humanitarian cargo. Whether you are sending urgent documents, retail products, or sensitive equipment, our air freight solutions deliver your goods quickly and safely across the Pacific.
CargoMaster partners with major international carriers to offer flexible flight schedules and competitive rates. From major Australian cities such as Sydney, Brisbane, and Perth, our team manages the full logistics chain, including documentation, export permits, and customs clearance. Each shipment is carefully monitored to ensure secure handling and timely delivery. We understand how important deadlines are for businesses and families alike, and we work tirelessly to keep every delivery on track.
Our air freight options include both consolidated and express services, allowing clients to choose between cost efficiency and the fastest possible delivery times. We also offer door-to-door solutions, which streamline logistics by collecting cargo from your location and delivering it directly to its destination in Kiribati. From packaging advice to tracking updates, CargoMaster’s dedicated team ensures a smooth process every step of the way.
With a focus on reliability and customer care, CargoMaster takes the stress out of air freight shipping. We combine decades of experience with innovative logistics solutions to ensure that your cargo to Kiribati is handled with precision, efficiency, and care from departure to arrival.
Air Charter
When regular flight schedules cannot meet your needs, CargoMaster offers exclusive air charter services to Kiribati. Air chartering gives you complete flexibility and control over your freight movements, making it ideal for urgent, oversized, or high-value shipments. Whether you are coordinating relief supplies, transporting mining equipment, or moving time-sensitive cargo, our air charter services ensure priority delivery when it matters most.
Our logistics team arranges charters from Australia to Tarawa or other Kiribati islands using a variety of aircraft types, from light turboprops to large cargo planes. We handle everything from flight planning and permits to on-ground coordination and cargo handling. Each charter is designed around your specific requirements, ensuring safe, efficient transport regardless of size, weight, or urgency.
CargoMaster’s charter operations are backed by strong partnerships with global and regional air carriers. This allows us to source the most suitable aircraft at competitive rates while maintaining high standards of safety and compliance. Our team provides full visibility throughout the process, giving you confidence that your cargo is being managed by professionals who understand complex international logistics.
When time and precision are critical, CargoMaster’s air charter services deliver the flexibility and reliability that standard freight cannot. We specialize in tailored charter solutions that help clients overcome logistical challenges and reach even the most remote parts of Kiribati quickly and securely.
Sea Freight
CargoMaster’s sea freight services to Kiribati are the most cost-effective and dependable solution for transporting goods across the Pacific. Sea freight is ideal for larger consignments, personal relocations, or commercial cargo that does not require urgent delivery. With weekly sailings from major Australian ports, we connect you to Tarawa and other island destinations through trusted carrier networks.
Our sea freight services include both Full Container Load (FCL) and Less than Container Load (LCL) options. This flexibility allows you to choose the best solution for your shipment size and budget. Whether you are shipping personal effects, retail inventory, or heavy machinery, our experienced team ensures your cargo is securely packed, documented, and delivered safely to Kiribati.
CargoMaster’s logistics team coordinates all aspects of the shipping process, from container transport and port handling to customs and quarantine clearance. We understand the challenges of remote island delivery, and we work closely with shipping lines and port authorities to maintain smooth operations and accurate schedules.
With decades of experience in Pacific trade routes, CargoMaster offers the reliability and professionalism you need for successful sea freight shipments. Our focus is on providing value, transparency, and consistent results for every client shipping to Kiribati.
20ft & 40ft Sea Containers
CargoMaster provides 20ft and 40ft sea containers designed to accommodate shipments of all sizes. Our 20ft containers are ideal for smaller loads such as household goods or compact commercial consignments, while our 40ft containers are suited for bulk items, large machinery, or full business relocations. Each container is constructed to international standards, offering secure and weather-resistant protection for long voyages.
We ensure each container is inspected and prepared before shipping to guarantee it meets strict safety requirements. Once your goods are packed, CargoMaster manages the loading, transport, and export documentation, ensuring seamless movement through Australian ports and customs. Tracking systems keep you informed of your shipment’s progress from dispatch to arrival in Kiribati.
Clients can choose between FCL and LCL options depending on the volume of their goods. FCL shipments offer full control and privacy, while LCL allows you to share container space for smaller consignments, reducing costs while maintaining high shipping standards.
By offering both 20ft and 40ft containers, CargoMaster provides maximum flexibility for all shipping needs. Whether you are moving overseas or managing commercial exports, our container services ensure safe, efficient, and affordable freight transport to Kiribati.
Self-Pack Containers
CargoMaster’s self-pack containers are a practical and budget-friendly way to ship personal effects or business goods to Kiribati. This service allows you to pack your container at your own pace, ensuring that everything is organized just the way you want. Once you have finished loading, we arrange for collection, transportation, and shipment directly to your destination.
Available in both 20ft and 40ft sizes, self-pack containers provide flexibility for all types of cargo. They are perfect for relocations, personal moves, or small business shipments that require control and affordability. CargoMaster provides the container, offers packing tips, and assists with all export documentation.
This option not only saves money but also gives clients peace of mind knowing their belongings are securely sealed until arrival in Kiribati. Our team takes care of the rest, including port handling, customs processing, and final delivery coordination.
CargoMaster’s self-pack container service is the preferred choice for clients who value independence, security, and savings. With our guidance and expertise, your self-pack shipment to Kiribati will be efficient, reliable, and fully supported from start to finish.
Shipping Containers to Kiribati
Special shipping deals for anyone relocating to the Kiribati
Guaranteed Australia’s best shipping rates to the Kiribati
Vehicle Shipping
CargoMaster offers dependable vehicle shipping to Kiribati for private individuals, businesses, and government clients. Whether you need to move a single car, motorcycle, or heavy truck, we provide secure and cost-effective transport solutions that ensure your vehicle arrives in excellent condition.
We offer both roll-on roll-off (RoRo) and containerized vehicle transport options. RoRo shipping is ideal for operational vehicles, while containerized shipping provides added protection for luxury cars, vintage vehicles, or non-running equipment. Our logistics team ensures that every vehicle is properly secured and documented to meet Australian and Kiribati import regulations.
Our vehicle shipping process includes assistance with customs paperwork, quarantine compliance, and delivery coordination upon arrival. CargoMaster’s team handles every detail to ensure a smooth, hassle-free experience from start to finish.
With decades of experience in international vehicle logistics, CargoMaster provides professional, reliable, and affordable transport solutions for all types of vehicles destined for Kiribati.
Specialized & Heavy Freight
Transporting heavy or oversized freight to Kiribati requires expertise, equipment, and careful planning, and CargoMaster has all three. Our specialized freight services support industries such as mining, construction, and infrastructure development that depend on reliable heavy cargo transport. We handle everything from machinery and project cargo to industrial components and large equipment.
Our capabilities include break bulk and out-of-gauge shipments for items that cannot fit into standard containers. Each shipment is planned with precision to ensure proper loading, stowage, and handling at every stage. We coordinate closely with carriers, port operators, and on-site teams to ensure timely and safe delivery to Kiribati.
CargoMaster’s project cargo team provides detailed logistics management for multi-shipment or oversized projects. We handle route planning, insurance coordination, and risk assessment to minimize potential disruptions during transit.
With a strong record in specialized freight management, CargoMaster is trusted by industries across Australia and the Pacific. Our heavy freight expertise ensures that even the most complex shipments reach Kiribati safely, efficiently, and within schedule.
Customs Clearance
Clearing customs in Kiribati can be complex, but CargoMaster makes it straightforward. Our customs clearance services cover every aspect of documentation, duties, and inspection requirements, ensuring full compliance with local and international regulations. We work closely with both Australian and Kiribati customs authorities to prevent unnecessary delays.
Our experienced customs team assists with import permits, tariff classification, and inspection coordination. Whether you are shipping personal effects, vehicles, or commercial goods, we handle the paperwork accurately and efficiently.
CargoMaster also provides ongoing support to help clients understand customs processes and fees before shipment. We maintain open communication throughout the journey, keeping you informed until your cargo is successfully cleared.
By choosing CargoMaster for customs clearance, you gain peace of mind knowing that your shipment will move through the border quickly and without complications. Our goal is to simplify your logistics experience so you can focus on your move or business operations.
Why CargoMaster
CargoMaster is more than a freight company. We are a trusted logistics partner with decades of experience in Pacific trade and container shipping. Our goal is to provide practical, reliable, and affordable freight solutions that meet the diverse needs of our clients shipping to Kiribati.
We offer a complete range of services, including air freight, sea freight, self-pack containers, vehicle transport, heavy cargo handling, and customs clearance. Every shipment is managed by dedicated professionals who understand the unique logistical challenges of island destinations like Kiribati.
At CargoMaster, we believe in building long-term relationships through honest communication, transparent pricing, and consistent results. Whether you are a family relocating overseas or a company managing complex exports, we treat every shipment with care and precision.
When you ship to Kiribati with CargoMaster, you are partnering with a company that values reliability and customer satisfaction above all. We are here to make international freight easy, efficient, and affordable for every client.
Frequently Asked Questions
CargoMaster, what types of items can I ship to Kiribati in a container?
You can ship a wide range of items in your container to Kiribati, including personal belongings, household goods, commercial products, machinery, and vehicles. However, it’s essential to check with Kiribati Customs to ensure that your items are permitted. Before proceeding, we recommend contacting CargoMaster to discuss our comprehensive shipping services to Kiribati and to ensure your shipment complies with all regulations.
Do you offer shipping services from Brisbane to Kiribati?
Absolutely, CargoMaster provides reliable shipping services from Brisbane to Kiribati. We handle 20ft and 40ft containers, break-bulk shipments, and all types of machinery, including trucks, buses, excavators, and construction equipment. Whether you’re shipping commercial goods, personal effects, or heavy machinery, CargoMaster offers services from major Australian cities, including Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, Canberra, and Darwin. No matter where you are located, CargoMaster guarantees the best shipping container rates to Kiribati and the broader Micronesian region.
What is the transit time for shipping from Melbourne to Kiribati?
Transit times can vary depending on the point of origin in Australia. Generally, it takes about 18 days for a sea container to reach Kiribati from Melbourne. Ships sail every 7 days from Australia’s East Coast ports, including Sydney (Botany). If you’re shipping from Perth, Adelaide, or Darwin, the transit times may be longer. Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane serve as gateway ports, and certain Pacific Island destinations are also serviced from Darwin.
Does CargoMaster provide international removalist services to Kiribati?
CargoMaster specializes in international freight forwarding and shipping services, including the transportation of containers and heavy machinery to Kiribati and worldwide. However, we do not operate as international removalists. It’s important to recognize the difference—our focus is on shipping logistics, not the moving of personal belongings. Nevertheless, if you need a reputable removalist, CargoMaster can recommend trusted professionals. We offer a broad range of shipping and freight forwarding services, and if we don’t have the specific service you need, we’ll point you in the right direction with one of our many industry connections.
Can I ship my car to Tarawa with CargoMaster?
Yes, you can ship your car to Tarawa with CargoMaster. However, it’s crucial to be aware of Kiribati Customs requirements regarding vehicle imports. Before moving forward, please contact CargoMaster so we can review your specific needs. We’ll also arrange the blocking and bracing of your vehicle to ensure its safe transit to Kiribati.
What is the cost of shipping a container to Kiribati from Australia?
The cost of shipping a 20ft or 40ft container to Kiribati from Australia varies based on several factors, including the origin point, container size, and the type of goods being shipped. CargoMaster offers Australia’s guaranteed best shipping rates to Kiribati from cities like Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, Darwin, and Canberra. To get an accurate quote tailored to your needs, please contact CargoMaster directly.
Why should I choose CargoMaster for shipping to Kiribati?
When you choose CargoMaster, you benefit from over 35 years of transportation experience and 18 years of specialized expertise in international shipping. Our extensive network in the Pacific Islands ensures your goods are transported safely and efficiently to Kiribati. With CargoMaster, you receive honest, reliable service—free from the usual sales spin—backed by genuine industry experience.
What are the transit times for air freight to Kiribati?
Air freight transit times to Kiribati can vary depending on the flight route and schedule. Typically, CargoMaster’s air freight services offer transit times ranging from 4 to 10 days. For a precise estimate based on your specific shipment, our team is ready to provide detailed information and guidance.
How can I track my shipment to Kiribati?
CargoMaster offers comprehensive tracking services for all shipments to Kiribati. Once your goods are in transit, you can track their progress through our online tracking system. Our team is also available to provide updates and answer any questions you may have about your shipment, ensuring you stay informed throughout the process.
East Timor Links
Office of the President of Kiribati, Ministry of Finance and Customs Kiribati, Treaty of Rarotonga, Island Home
Serviced Australian Cities
Sydney Melbourne Canberra Brisbane Perth Darwin Adelaide Cairns Hobart Townsville Mackay Port Hedland Karratha Broome
Addition Information As of October 2020, New Zealand, Australia, Samoa, Kiribati, Tonga, Solomon Islands, Niue and Cook Islands have ratified the Agreement. PACER Plus will come into force on 13 December 2020. PACER Plus is an important part of Australia's engagement in the Pacific and provides an avenue to help foster a secure, stable and prosperous region. PACER Plus will provide commercial opportunities for Australian exporters and investors in a range of sectors. These opportunities will increase over time as the provisions of the Agreement lead to more open and transparent policies, and as wider relationships are built regionally and beyond. Dedicated development assistance is being provided as part of PACER Plus. The PACER Plus Readiness Package supports Pacific island country signatories to ratify the Agreement. There are five work-elements under the PACER Plus Readiness Package: Examples of initiatives set up under the Readiness Package are: The PACER Plus Implementation Package, once the Agreement enters into force, will help Pacific island country signatories to take advantage of the Agreement. Hazard Labels for Dangerous Goods (DG) The international community has established a classification system for easy identification of dangerous goods. These goods fall into nine primary classes, and some classes are further divided to address specific risks. Each class/division has a corresponding label that accurately represents the nature of the hazard. These labels must be attached to the package during transport and remain intact throughout the journey. Take a look at the illustrated examples below to understand how these labels effectively communicate the potential dangers. Under regulations, labels must be clearly visible on the outside of the package and must stay on the package while in transit. You can often find labels printed on most inner packages such as: Below are the 9 hazard labels for the 9 classes of dangerous goods. This includes items such as: These can be transported as: This includes aerosols. Class 2 has 3 divisions: This includes liquids with a boiling point of 35⁰ C or less, or a flash point of 60⁰ C or less such as: These are substances that can spontaneously combust and substances, that when they come into contact with water or emit flammable gases. Class 4 has 3 divisions: These substances are not necessarily combustible on their own but can react dangerously with other substances. Class 5 has 2 divisions: These substances can cause sickness, injury or death if consumed. Class 6 has 2 divisions: These are substances that emit invisible ionising radiation that can be harmful to humans and animals. It can cause objects such as aircraft and equipment to become contaminated if not packaged and handled correctly, such as: These substances can cause irreversible damage if they come into contact with skin and could destroy other freight, or materially damage containers or aircraft. This includes: These are substances and articles which, during air transport, present a danger not covered by other classes. There are 2 types of handling labels – 1 for lithium battery shipments, and another for all other miscellaneous dangerous goods. This class includes: In addition to hazard labels, trained staff must attach handling labels where needed. Staff must use these 4 handling labels with the appropriate hazard labels: This label is used to show that the load cannot be carried on a passenger aircraft. This label is used on liquefied gases, such as the ones in Class 2. This label ensures a load is placed the correct way up and can be used for non-dangerous goods. This label ensures that the load is kept away from the aircraft compass detector unit while being loaded and unloaded. B C I K M N O P S INCOTERMS are standard trade terms most commonly used in international freight contracts for sale of goods. It is essential that you are aware of your terms of trade prior to shipment. EXW – EX WORKS (… named place of delivery) FCA – FREE CARRIER (… named place of delivery) CPT – CARRIAGE PAID TO (… named place of destination) CIP– CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO (… named place of destination) DAT – DELIVERED AT TERMINAL (… named terminal at port or place of destination) DAP – DELIVERED AT PLACE (… named place of destination) DDP – DELIVERED DUTY PAID (… named place) MARITIME TERMS FAS – FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP (… named port of shipment) FOB– FREE ON BOARD (… named port of shipment) CFR– COST AND FREIGHT (… named port of destination) CIF – COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT (… named port of destination) 20 ft Standard Dry (8'6" x 8' x 20') 40 ft Standard Dry (8'6" x 8' x 40') 40 ft High Cube (9'6" x 8' x 40') Why is it crucial to verify Bill of Lading details? When is the Bill of Lading Issued? How is the Bill of Lading Compiled? A Contract in Documentation: The Bill of Lading Insight into the Documentation Timeline Certificate of Free Sale (CFS) When exporting to certain countries you will require a Certificate of Free Sale (CFS), also called an export certificate or certificate of export. An Export Certificate confirms in writing that you can sell your goods in the Australian market and that there are no restrictions. The Certificate of Free Sale certifies that you have the approval of relevant authorities to sell your goods in Australia. The overseas purchaser of your products may have problems with customs clearance and registration process’s if you do not provide a CFS when required, your buyer may not be able to import your product into their country. You may need to present this certificate as part of the customs clearance or registration process. A CFS is often requested for products such as: Not all countries require a CFS, the need for a Certificate of Free Sale will depend on your product and your export market. Speak with your buyer to find out if you need a CFS. Where can I get a Certificate of Free Sale? To find out more and apply for a Certificate of Free Sale (CFS) visit: ATA Carnet (Admission Temporary Admission) An ATA Carnet is an international document that permits temporary the temporary entry of commodities into overseas countries. Carnets are used for goods that are intended to be imported for a short period of time, then exported back to the country of origin. It provides exemptions for import duties and taxes. It is most often used for high-value goods imported for specific uses. Typical goods that may be transported under a Carnet: To apply for a Carnet contact The Australian Chamber Of Commerce and Industry Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry www.australianchamber.com.au/international/certificates-of-origin (ACCI). Phytosanitary Certificate Certificate of Origin (CoO) Note: Always check specific product and market requirements for accurate documentation needs. Certificates of Origin are needed when Origin when Some agreements will allow for a self-certification, while others require a certificate from an authorised body. Self-certification carries a high level of risk and is not recommended for new exporters. There are 2 types of Certificates of Origin A Preferential certificate will assist customs authorities to confirm your compliance with trade agreements made, tariffs and and Rules of Origin. Rules of Origin (ROO) are an agreed set of rules between countries that share a preferential trade agreement, such as a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). ROO set out the criteria for which goods are eligible for free or preferential import tariffs. Typically, they require a product to be entirely produced in a one of the participating countries or have a minimum percentage of the value produced there. They can be complex to understand so speak with your customs broker or freight forwarder or visit the DFAT Free Trade Agreement Portal. Note: If Australia has a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the country you are exporting to you can apply for a Preferential certificate 2. Non-preferential certificates Local governments of most countries issue non-preferential certificates to collect statistical data and ensure you are meeting: Where can I get a Certificate of Origin? To find out more and apply for a Certificate of Origin (COO) visit: For information about the documents needed for specific products check out. CargoMaster ensures a seamless freight experience, combining expertise, accuracy, and compliance for precise cargo transport. Call us at 1300 767 136 for tailored shipping solutions and competitive rates.
(Click the + plus symbol to expand)
PACIFIC AGREEMENT - (PACER)
PACER Plus
FREIGHT TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
A2A Airport-to-airport A2D Airport-to-door ADV Advise, Advised, Advising
AEAAssociation of European Airlines (see the page “Interest Organisations” of this website also)
AirlineCompany operating aircraft between steady origin and destination airports Airmail Mail travelling by air Air Operator Company operating aircraft
Airport-to-airportTransport from an airport of origin to an airport of destination
AllotmentAssigned volume on board of a flight / day
AOGAircraft On Ground; materials expedited for repair of a grounded aircraft AP Airport ARR Arrive, Arrived, Arrival ARR Also, a C2K milestone: ARR = cargo and documents arrived at airport of destination ATA Air Transport Association (see the page “Interest Organisations” of this website also) ATA Actual Time of Arrival ATD Actual Time of Departure Authorisation The commission to a certain person or body to act on behalf of another person or body; the person or body can be authorised e.g., to issue air waybills or to collect freight AVI Live Animal(s) AWB Air Waybill Backlog Amount of goods still to be delivered or received and for which the planned or agreed date has expired BAG Baggage Belly Lower-deck cargo hold of an aircraft BIG Outsized cargo Blocked-space agreement A continuous reservation (allotment) for space at one or more flight / date combinations with an airline Bonded Goods Goods on which the customs duty has not yet been paid, and which therefore, are under the control of customs; usually in a Bonded warehouse. Bonded warehouse A depository for goods on which the customs duty has not been paid; the warehouse proprietor must provide a bond (often in the form of a bank warranty or a mortgage) to the customs authorities as a security for any duties which may not be paid by the customer Booking Request for reservation of space on a flight/day, (to be) confirmed by the airline Break Bulk Agent A forwarder breaking the bulk: taking care of the unpacking and sorting of goods after the flight Breakdown List List of shipments carried in one consolidation (see also: Consolidation Manifest) Broker Person who acts as an agent or intermediary in negotiating contracts; sometimes refers to a forwarder role Bulk Cargo Loose cargo not loaded on an ULD C2K Cargo 2000 (see the “Cargo 2000” page of this website) Cargo Aircraft Aircraft built with the purpose of carrying nothing else than cargo Cargo assembly The separate reception of parcels or packages and the holding of them for later dispatch as one consignment; consolidator role Cargo Disassembly The separation of one or more of the parcels or packages that are part of a consignment for further distribution; break bulk role Carriage Transport; the process of conveying cargo from one point to another Carrier The party responsible for transport of goods from one point to another, this can be for example an airline or a forwarder (as a NVOCC) CASS Cargo Accounts Settlement System CAO Cargo Aircraft Only CC Charges Collect; pay at moment of collection of the goods CCS Cargo Community System; information system integrating the communication between air cargo parties at an airport Certificate of Origin A certificate proving the country of original production of goods; used for customs declaration purposes Charges collect Charges as stated on the air waybill to be collected from the consignee Charges prepaid Charges as stated on the air waybill to be collected from the shipper Claim A written complaint about the execution of a contract of transportation by a carrier, combined with a demand for financial compensation Classifying Assigning the right import classification number to goods as part of the customs declaration process CLR Clear CNEE Consignee COLL Collect, Collected, Collecting COMAT Company Material (non-revenue cargo) Combi Combi Aircraft, combining transport of passengers and cargo on the main-deck Commodity Indication of the type of goods; commodities are coded according to the harmonised system. Commodity code Code used in the Harmonised System for the classification of goods, which are most commonly produced and traded Complaint An official statement from a customer to a carrier about his unhappiness with the service or operation of the service provider Consignee The person or company that is physically and administratively responsible for accepting the goods at final delivery Consolidation A collection of shipments belonging to different shippers travelling to one destination or area to be distributed to several consignees Consolidation Manifest List of shipments carried in one consolidation Consolidation Rates Rates as given by a consolidator / forwarder Consolidator A forwarder consolidating shipments before a flight; these shipments belonging to different shippers and travelling to one destination or area in order to be distributed to several consignees after the flight Courier Company that carries envelopes and parcels up to 75 kg from door to door; air transport is generally outsourced to airlines Courier Rates Rates as given by a courier CPTY Capacity CRN Customs Release Note Customs Agent/Broker (Certified) Party certified to handle the customs clearance on account of importers / exporters Customs invoice (Pro forma) Invoice for import declaration (customs and statistics) purposes, stating the commercial price, added with the costs for freight, insurance and packing etc., terms of delivery and payment Customs value Value of goods to be imported for import declaration (customs and statistics) purposes D2A Door-to-airport D2D Door-to-door Dangerous Goods Goods that can be hazardous for health, flight-safety or materials DAP A C2K key performance indicator: DAP = Delivered as Promised (NFD in full- and on-time statuses are achieved) DEP A C2K milestone: DEP = cargo and documents departed at airport of origin DEPT Department DG Dangerous Goods DGR Dangerous Goods Regulations (IATA) Dimensional Weight (Conversion) Concept adopted by the transportation industry worldwide as a uniform means of establishing a minimum charge for the cubic space a package occupies; the volume is converted into a (higher) weight / price class DIMS Dimensions DIP Diplomatic mail DLV Deliver, Delivered, Delivering DLV Also, a C2K milestone: DLV = cargo and documents delivered to customer (forwarder) DOCS Document(s), Documentation Domestic transport Transport within a country Door-to-door Transport from an initial shipper’s house address to a final consignee’s house address Duty Tax imposed on goods imported from another country EDI Electronic Data Interchange EDIFACT Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport; a specific EDI protocol e-Freight Electronic freight documents project from IATA; e-Freight aims to take the paper out of the air cargo supply chain and -processes and replace it with cheaper, more accurate and more reliable electronic messaging; facilitated by IATA, the project is an industry-wide initiative involving carriers, freight forwarders, ground handlers, shippers and customs authorities Electronic Data
InterchangeThe interchange of electronic data, structured following an agreed protocol, between the automated information system of different parties Embargo An embargo on a certain kind of goods means these goods will not be transported by the airline, often for flight-safety reasons Equipment Materials needed to handle or transport goods ESC European Shippers’ Council (see the page “Interest Organisations” of this website also) ETA Estimated Time of Arrival ETD Estimated Time of Departure Expediting Forwarding goods (in less than the normal lead time) Expeditor Forwarder FAK Freight All Kinds FAK-Rates Rates for Freight All Kinds FAP A C2K key performance indicator: FAP = Flown as Planned (the complete shipment has flown at or before the last planned flight with a maximum 12-hour delay) FCL Full Container Load FDCA Found Cargo FFM Freight Forwarding Message (electronic) FIATA International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (see the page “Interest Organisations” of this website also)
FLTFlight Forwarder Company specialized in providing door-to-airport transport, arranging connecting air transport and/or airport-to-door transport for parcels and consolidations > 75 kg or up to anything that fits in an aircraft; the air transport is generally outsourced to airlines and sometimes aircraft operators or air charter companies Forwarder network A network existing of different smaller to medium sized forwarding companies all over the world working together Freighter Aircraft built with the purpose of carrying nothing else than cargo
FSUFreight Status Update Fuel Surcharge Surcharge added to the cargo rate to cover the additional costs of increasing fuel-prices; these will generally follow a certain index Full charter Chartering the full available volume of an aircraft or flight/day Full Container Load Container fully loaded, generally with goods belonging to one party Full freighter Aircraft built with the purpose of carrying nothing else than cargo
FWBElectronic air waybill message FWB Also a C2K milestone: FWB = the shipment is booked at the airline, next an electronic air waybill is generated by agent (forwarder) ; this creates the so-called route map in C2K in which all the steps are followed
FYIor Your Information General Cargo Rates Rates for all different kinds of cargo, not falling into a specific handling and/or rate category
GSAGeneral Sales Agent GSF Global Shippers Forum (see the page “Interest Organisations” of this website also) Handling Agent Agent handling the ramp and/or warehouse cargo operation for an airline Harmonised System A numeric multi-purpose system for the classification of goods with its six digits covering about 5000 descriptions of the products or groups of products most commonly produced and traded, designed for customs purposes, but can also be used for statistics, transport purposes, export, import and manufacturing; the international convention on the HS was established under auspices of the World Customs Organisation in 1983
HaulageInland transport of cargo Haulier Road carrier HEA Heavy Cargo HAWB House Air Waybill House Air Waybill The shipment contract between the end-customer and the forwarder (see the page “Forwarding Out” of this website for further purposes and explanation) Hub Central point in a transport system or network
HUMHuman remains HWB House Waybill IATA International Air Transport Association (see the page “Interest Organisations” of this website also)
IATA-AgentAn IATA certified agent ICAL Inbound Cargo Action List ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation (see the page “Interest Organisations” of this website also) ICE Dry Ice Shipment IN Inches Inco terms Internationally agreed set of standard delivery terms Integrator Carrier integrating different modes of transport to form a door-to-door transport or supply chain; this term mostly refers to the large international express companies whose core business is to carry envelopes and parcels up to 75 kg, often overnight or even same day Intermodal Transport The movement of cargo in a supply chain by more than one mode of transport; for example, road/air or sea/air transport
INVInvoice ISA If Space Available KG Kilos L/C Letter of Credit LCL Less than Container Load Less than Container Load Container partly filled with goods from one party, or an amount of goods that is not sufficient to fill one container and will therefore likely be consolidated LHO Living Human Organs / Blood License, import/export Governmental permit to import / export certain goods under certain conditions Line item Order line, each line on a packing list or invoice to be declared for customs Load factor The extent to which the aircraft (weight-, volume-, ULD-) capacity is efficiently utilized (to generate profit)
LOCLocation Loose cargo/shipments Cargo / shipments not loaded on an ULD Lower Deck The (cargo) deck below the main deck or upper deck of an aircraft LT Local Time Main deck Upper deck; the (cargo) deck above the lower deck of an aircraft Manifest, flight Document listing the air waybills and a specification of the related goods carried on a flight Master Air Waybill The shipment contract between the forwarder and the airline (see the page “Forwarding Out” of this website for further purposes and explanation) MAWB Master Air Waybill MFST Manifest Minimum Rate Rate to cover the basic costs of carrying a shipment MSG Message(s) Network Forwarder A large forwarding company with worldwide branches NFD A C2K milestone: NFD = cargo and documents ready for pick-up at airline (handler), the customer (forwarder) is notified
NNDNotice of Non-Delivery NON-IATA Airline or agent that is not a member of IATA Nose loading Loading cargo through the cargo door in the nose of an aircraft Notify address Address of a party other than the consignee to be notified of arrival of the goods Notify party Party other than the consignee to be notified of arrival of the goods NOTOC Notification To Captain; list for the captain of the aircraft with goods carried on board N-Rates Rates for shipments with weights up to 45 kg NVOCC Non-Vessel Operating/Owning Cargo Carrier; in case of Air Cargo a Carrier (e.g., a Forwarder or Consolidator) who issues Air Waybills for the carriage of cargo on aircraft which he does not operate or own
OAGOfficial Airlines Guide OB On Board Oversized Cargo Cargo that exceeds the dimensions of an ULD
PackagePacked piece of cargo Packing list A list for customs declaration and consignment purposes stating number and kinds of packages being shipped, totals of gross, legal, and net weights of the packages, marks and numbers on the packages, contents and part-/serial numbers Pallet A (standardized) platform on which goods can be stacked for transport or warehouse handling purposes Pallet, aircraft A (standardized) platform on which goods can be stacked for air transport purposes Pallet net A net used to secure the cargo on the aircraft pallet Parcel Package Part charter Chartering of a part of the available volume on an aircraft or flight/day Part shipment Part of a shipment that travels on a different flight and/or day than the rest of the shipment due to available capacity with the airline
PAXPassenger(s) Payload The (cargo) load that can be carried by an aircraft (to generate revenue) PC Piece(s) PER Perishable Cargo PFI Pro Forma Invoice POA Proof Of Acceptance; legal proof a shipment has been accepted by a party POD Proof Of Delivery; legal proof a shipment has been delivered by a party POD Place Of Delivery PP Charges Prepaid PPD Prepaid Pre-alert Message stating the current and or expected status of the goods Principal The customer ordering the transport or related services
PSHPart Shipment QNTY Quantity Q-Rates Rates with a quantity discount RCF A C2K milestone: RCF = cargo has arrived in the cargo bay at final destination; cargo and airwaybill are administratively received in the system
RCPTReceipt, Reception RCS A C2K milestone: RCS = cargo and documents are received ‘Ready for Carriage’ and accepted by airline (handler) Ready For Carriage (By Air) The goods are correctly packed and labelled, and customs cleared, with the right documents attached Ready For Transport (By Road) The goods are correctly packed and labelled, with the right documents attached RFC Ready For Carriage RFT Ready For Transport Routing The path that is (to be) followed by the goods from shipper to consignee
RUSHRRush Reply SASPO As Soon As Possible SAWB Substitute Air Waybill Security Surcharge Surcharge added to the cargo rate to cover the additional costs of the increasing number of security checks and related administration that are legally required by the authorities Shipper The person or company that is physically and administratively responsible for shipping the goods; for an airline in most cases a forwarder will be the shipper, for a forwarder the shipper is a third party, for example a trading company, a manufacturer, etc. Shipper’s Letter of Instruction Document issued by the shipper to instruct and authorize the forwarder to forward and declare goods on his behalf; contains all shipment details needed to facilitate these services
SHPMNTShipment Side loading Loading cargo through a cargo door in the side of an aircraft Skid Pallet S/L Short Loaded SLI Shipper’s Letter of Instruction SSPD Short Shipped; stayed behind TACT The Air Cargo Tariff; publication of official airline tariffs TBA Time Before Arrival TBD Time Before Departure TEMP Temperature TIACA The International Air Cargo Association (see the page “Interest Organisations” of this website also) TILNA Tilting Not Allowed TILTA Tilting Allowed Time Slot The agreed time to collect or deliver goods Tonne Kilometre One tonne (1000 kg or 2204.6 lb) metric flown one kilometre; productivity indicator TRA Transit Tracing Retrieving (information on) the status of goods and documents Tracking Regular checking on the status of goods and documents Track & Trace Automated regular retrieval of (information on) the status of goods and documents and checking these against the agreed norms Transfer cargo Transfer of cargo from one flight to another Transition / Transit cargo Transfer of cargo from one flight to another TRM Transfer Manifest TTL Total ULD Unit Load Device ULD, contoured Unit Load Device shaped to exactly fit in an aircraft UNACC Unaccompanied Unit Load Device Standardized air cargo loading equipment (pallet, container) Upper deck Main deck; the (cargo) deck above the lower deck of an aircraft VAL Valuable cargo VAT Value Added Tax VOL Volume Volume charge Air transport charge based on the volume of goods instead of the actual weight (see “Dimensional Weight” and “Weight charge” also) VUN Vulnerable cargo Weight charge Air transport charge based on the actual weight of the goods (see “Dimensional Weight” and “Volume charge” also) Weight & Balance Management of the weight and allocation of cargo, passengers and fuel for a flight
W/HWarehouse XPS Priority Small Package XS In Excess Yield management The process of maximising the contribution (revenue) of the (transport & handling) network, equipment, infrastructure and resources
HAZARD LABELS DANGEROUS GOODS (DG)
Class 1 Explosives

Class 2 Gases

Class 3 Flammable liquids

Class 4 Flammable solids

Class 5 Oxidising substances and organic peroxides

Class 6 Toxic and infectious substances

Class 7 Radioactive materials

Class 8 Corrosives

Class 9 Miscellaneous

Handling labels
Cargo aircraft only

Cyrogenics

This way up

Magnetised material

AUSTRADE INTERNATIONAL OFFICES
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belgium
Brazil
Brunei
Cambodia
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Croatia
Czech Republic
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, DPR of (North Korea)
Korea, Rep (South Korea)
Kuwait
Macau
Madagascar
Malaysia
Mauritius
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Myanmar
Nepal
Netherlands
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Switzerland
INCOTERMS
The Seller’s only responsibility is to make the goods available at the Seller’s premises. The Buyer bears full costs and risks of moving the goods from there to destination.
The Seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier selected by the Buyer. The Seller loads the goods if the carrier pickup is at the Seller’s premises. From that point, the Buyer bears the costs and risks of moving the goods to destination.
The Seller pays for moving the goods to destination. From the time the goods are transferred to the first carrier, the Buyer bears the risks of loss or damage.
The Seller pays for moving the goods to destination. From the time the goods are transferred to the first carrier, the Buyer bears the risks of loss or damage. The Seller, however, purchases the cargo insurance.
The Seller delivers when the goods, once unloaded from the arriving means of transport, are placed at the Buyer’s disposal at a named terminal at the named port or place of destination. “Terminal” includes any place, whether covered or not, such as a quay, warehouse, container yard or road, rail or air cargo terminal. The Seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them at the terminal at the named port or place of destination.
The Seller delivers when the goods are placed at the Buyer’s disposal on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the names place of destination. The Seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place.
The Seller delivers the goods -cleared for import – to the Buyer at destination. The Seller bears all costs and risks of moving the goods to destination, including the payment of Customs duties and taxes.
The Seller delivers the goods to the origin port. From that point, the Buyer bears all costs and risks of loss or damage.
The Seller delivers the goods on board the ship and clears the goods for export. From that point, the Buyer bears all costs and risks of loss or damage.
The Seller clears the goods for export and pays the costs of moving the goods to destination. The Buyer bears all risks of loss or damage.
The Seller clears the goods for export and pays the costs of moving the goods to the port of destination. The Buyer bears all risks of loss or damage. The Seller, however, purchases the cargo insurance.
SHIPPING CONTAINER DIMENSIONS

Weight: 4500lbs
Max Gross Weight: 66,139lbs
Interior Dimensions:
Length: 19′ 5″
Width: 7′ 8-⅛”
Height: 7′ 9-⅝”
Door Opening:
Width: 7’ 8-½”, Height: 7’ 5-¾”
Weight: 8500lbs
Max Gross Weight: 66,139lbs
Interior Dimensions:
Length: 39′ ⅜”
Width: 7′ 8-⅛”
Height: 7′ 9-⅝”
Door Opening:
Width: 7’ 8-½”, Height: 7’ 5-¾”
Weight: 8750 lbs
Max Gross Weight: 68,008lb
Interior Dimensions:
Length: 39′ 4”
Width: 7′ 7”
Height: 8′ 9″
Door Opening: Width:
7’ 8″‘, Height: 8’ 5”
Dimensions of 20ft Flat Rack Container
Internal length 5.94 m / 19.5 ft
Internal width 2.35 m / 7.7 ft
Internal height 2.35 m / 7.7 ft
Tare weight 2,360 kg / 5,203.8 lbs
Payload capacity: 30,140 kg / 66,458.7 lbs
Cubic capacity 32.7 m³ / 1,154.3 cu ft
Dimensions of 40ft Flat Rack Container
Internal length 12.13 m / 39.8 ft
Internal width 2.40 m / 7.9 ft
Internal height 2.14 m / 7 ft
Tare weight 5,000 kg / 11,025 lbs
Payload capacity: 40,000 kg / 88,200 lbs
Cubic capacity 62.2 m³ / 2,195.7 cu ft
INTERNATIONAL CONTAINER SHIPPING PORTS
Rank Port Website 1 Shanghai, China www.portshanghai.com.cn 2 SIngapore www.singaporepsa.com 3 Shenzhen, China www.szport.net 4 Hong Kong, S.A.R., China www.mardep.gov.hk 5 Ningbo-Zhoushan, China www.zhoushan.cn/english 6 Busan, South Korea www.busanpa.com 7 Qingdao, China www.qdport.com 8 Guangzhou Harbor, China www.gzport.com 9 Jebel Ali, Dubai, United Arab Emirates www.dpworld.ae 10 Tianjin, China www.ptacn.com 11 Rotterdam, Netherlands www.portofrotterdam.com 12 Port Klang, Malaysia www.pka.gov.my 13 Kaohsiung, Taiwan, China www.khb.gov.tw 14 Dalian, China www.dlport.cn 15 Hamburg, Germany www.hafen-hamburg.de 16 Antwerp, Belguim www.portofantwerp.com 17 Xiamen, China www.portxiamen.gov.cn 18 Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia www.ptp.com.my 19 Los Angeles, U.S.A. www.portoflosangeles.org 20* Keihin Ports, Japan www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/en 21 Long Beach, U.S.A. www.polb.com 22 Laem Chabang, Thailand www.laemchabangport.com 23 Tanjung Priok, Jakarta, Indonesia www.priokport.co.id 24 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam www.vpa.org.vn 25 Bremen/Bremerhaven, Germany www.bremen-ports.de 26 New York-New Jersey, U.S.A. www.panynj.gov 27 Yingkou, China www.ykport.com.cn 28** Hanshin Ports, Japan www.hanshinport.co.jp/en 29 Lianyungun, China www.lyg.gov.cn 30 Columbo, Sri Lanka www.slpa.lk 31 Algerciras Bay, Spain www.apba.es 32 Jawaharlal Nehru, www.jnport.gov.in 33 Suzhou, China suzhou.jiangsu.net/transportation/waterway/port 34 Valencia, Spain www.valenciaport.com 35 Jeddah, Suadi Arabia www.ports.gov.sa 36 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates www.sharjahports.ae 37 Felixstowe, U.K. www.portoffelixstowe.co.uk/ 38 Santos, Brazil www.portodesantos.com 39 Manila, Philippines www.ppa.com.ph 40 Piraeus, Greece www.pct.com.gr www.olp.gr/en 41 Port Said East, Egypt www.scctportsaid.com 42 Balboa, Panama www.ppc.com.pa/balboa.php 43 Haiphong, Vietnam www.vpa.org.vn 44*** Seattle-Tacoma NW Seaport Alliance, U.S.A. www.portseattle.org www.porttacoma.org 45 Ambarli, Turkey www.atlasliman.com 46 Georgia Ports, U.S.A. www.gaports.com 47 Colon, Panama www.amp.gob.pa 48 Tanjung Perak, Surabaya, Indonesia www.perakport.co.id 49 Tanger Med, Morocco www.tmpa.ima 50 Salalah, Oman www.salalah.com
INTERNATIONAL PORTS
Rank Port Website 1 Shanghai, China www.portshanghai.com.cn 2 SIngapore www.singaporepsa.com 3 Shenzhen, China www.szport.net 4 Hong Kong, S.A.R., China www.mardep.gov.hk 5 Ningbo-Zhoushan, China www.zhoushan.cn/english 6 Busan, South Korea www.busanpa.com 7 Qingdao, China www.qdport.com 8 Guangzhou Harbor, China www.gzport.com 9 Jebel Ali, Dubai, United Arab Emirates www.dpworld.ae 10 Tianjin, China www.ptacn.com 11 Rotterdam, Netherlands www.portofrotterdam.com 12 Port Klang, Malaysia www.pka.gov.my 13 Kaohsiung, Taiwan, China www.khb.gov.tw 14 Dalian, China www.dlport.cn 15 Hamburg, Germany www.hafen-hamburg.de 16 Antwerp, Belguim www.portofantwerp.com 17 Xiamen, China www.portxiamen.gov.cn 18 Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia www.ptp.com.my 19 Los Angeles, U.S.A. www.portoflosangeles.org 20* Keihin Ports, Japan www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/en 21 Long Beach, U.S.A. www.polb.com 22 Laem Chabang, Thailand www.laemchabangport.com 23 Tanjung Priok, Jakarta, Indonesia www.priokport.co.id 24 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam www.vpa.org.vn 25 Bremen/Bremerhaven, Germany www.bremen-ports.de 26 New York-New Jersey, U.S.A. www.panynj.gov 27 Yingkou, China www.ykport.com.cn 28** Hanshin Ports, Japan www.hanshinport.co.jp/en 29 Lianyungun, China www.lyg.gov.cn 30 Columbo, Sri Lanka www.slpa.lk 31 Algerciras Bay, Spain www.apba.es 32 Jawaharlal Nehru, www.jnport.gov.in 33 Suzhou, China suzhou.jiangsu.net/transportation/waterway/port 34 Valencia, Spain www.valenciaport.com 35 Jeddah, Suadi Arabia www.ports.gov.sa 36 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates www.sharjahports.ae 37 Felixstowe, U.K. www.portoffelixstowe.co.uk/ 38 Santos, Brazil www.portodesantos.com 39 Manila, Philippines www.ppa.com.ph 40 Piraeus, Greece www.pct.com.gr www.olp.gr/en 41 Port Said East, Egypt www.scctportsaid.com 42 Balboa, Panama www.ppc.com.pa/balboa.php 43 Haiphong, Vietnam www.vpa.org.vn 44*** Seattle-Tacoma NW Seaport Alliance, U.S.A. www.portseattle.org www.porttacoma.org 45 Ambarli, Turkey www.atlasliman.com 46 Georgia Ports, U.S.A. www.gaports.com 47 Colon, Panama www.amp.gob.pa 48 Tanjung Perak, Surabaya, Indonesia www.perakport.co.id 49 Tanger Med, Morocco www.tmpa.ima 50 Salalah, Oman www.salalah.com
EXPORT DOCUMENTATION
An Overview of Bills of Lading: Ensuring Precision in Shipping
The Bill of Lading meticulously captures the smallest shipment details, providing an exact representation of your cargo. This document is pivotal for identifying your shipment and becomes invaluable in dispute scenarios, especially when handling liability claims for damaged, lost, or delayed shipments.
As a specialist in international shipping and freight, CargoMaster places utmost importance on accuracy in shipping dates, marks, and cargo descriptions when issuing the Bill of Lading. Adhering to maritime regulations, CargoMaster ensures precise details, recognising the significance of the date on the Bill of Lading, marking the enforcement of the shipment contract.
The compilation of a Bill of Lading involves several checks within the export documentation flow. Freight Forwarders like CargoMaster play a crucial role, ensuring accurate details such as container and bolt seal numbers, vessel information, weights, pieces loaded, and voyage numbers. While Bills of Lading are typically issued after the vessel sails, special requests may lead to earlier issuances.
Functioning as a contract between the International Shipping Company and the cargo shipper, the Bill of Lading mirrors other contractual agreements, like a residential tenancy agreement. To meet international standards, Bills of Lading must align with conventions such as The Hague Rule, Hague-Visby Rule, Hamburg Rule, and The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act Australia 1991.
Disputes regarding Bill of Lading issues primarily emerge in cargo exportation. The export documentation flow involves meticulous coordination, ensuring the timely gathering of information from various sources. CargoMaster, handling machinery and out-of-gauge cargo, faces additional documentation requirements for compliance with international regulations.International Freight Certificates: Navigating Export Documentation
A crucial document confirming the approval to sell goods in Australia, essential for customs clearance and import processes in certain overseas markets.
Facilitates the temporary entry of goods into foreign countries, providing exemptions for import duties and taxes. Commonly used for high-value goods at exhibitions, trade shows, motorsports, and audiovisual production.
Required for regulated commodities like plants and plant products, certifying compliance with quarantine regulations and the absence of pests.
Phytosanitary Certificates available from the Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment.
Government-certified or authorised entity-issued document confirming the origin of commodities, essential for Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and customs clearance.
CargoMaster International Freight Forwarder Australia
At CargoMaster we strive to deliver cost effective freight forwarding services to business, government and private individuals.
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